Periodontics is a branch of dentistry that focuses on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of gum disease, including gingivitis and periodontitis. Gum disease is primarily caused by the accumulation of plaque and tartar on the teeth, and it is a leading cause of tooth loss in adults. The first stage of gum disease, gingivitis, is characterized by red, swollen gums, bleeding while brushing or eating, bad breath, tooth sensitivity, and discomfort when chewing. If left untreated, gingivitis can develop into periodontitis, which is a more advanced form of gum disease. Periodontitis leads to gum recession and the formation of pockets between the gums and teeth, which can cause significant damage to the bone structure and may result in tooth loss.

Treatment for gum disease typically includes scaling and root planing, deep cleaning procedures designed to remove tartar and infected tissue. Risk factors like poor oral hygiene, smoking, diabetes, and certain medications can increase the likelihood of developing gum disease. Regular dental check-ups and proper oral hygiene are crucial to preventing gum disease and maintaining healthy gums and teeth.